Dynamically-Stable Mobile Robots in Human Environments

Ankit Bhatia, Carl Curren, Mark Dudley, Jodi Forlizzi, Jared Goerner, Ralph Hollis, George Kantor, Kalicharan Karthikeyan, Byungjun Kim, Masaaki Kumagai, Tom Lauwers, Jun Xian Leong, Anish Mampetta, Umashankar Nagarajan, Suresh Nidhiry, Kenneth Payson, Kathryn Rivard, Eric Schearer, Michael Shomin, Bhaskar Vaidya, and Luo (Jack) Yi

Introduction

In recent years, there has been a growing realization that much of the success in the application of industrial robots to manufacturing might also become true for mobile robots in the service sector. In particular, robots that could serve as personal assistants for people---especially those who are elderly or physically challenged---are moving from fantasy to the realm of the possible. The rapid progress in computing and the growing body of knowledge in robotics are leading us toward a goal which could have many benefits for society.

The human-machine interface is a key area of interest, particularly in the physical interaction between the robot and person. Industrial robot arms and research mobile robots are position-controlled (rather than force-controlled) devices which are heavy and clumsy. Their motions cannot readily accommodate to an environment made for people. Mobile robots that locomote with wheeled drives are slow and awkward, with wide bases providing static stability. What is needed is an entirely different approach to locomotion: mobile robots that are safe; dynamically agile and capable of graceful motion; slender enough to easily maneuver in cluttered, peopled environments; and which readily yield when pushed around. Intelligent machines of this sort can only be achieved with dynamic stability.

Our research goal is to gain a deeper understanding of how such dynamic agility can be achieved in mobile machines interacting with people and operating in normal home and workplace environments. We are developing novel dynamically-stable rolling machine and walking machine research platforms to study this issue. We will evaluate the efficacy of this type of dynamic locomotion in the context of human environments.

Significant insights will be gained from this research toward producing agile motive platforms which in the future could be combined with the research community's ongoing work in perception, navigation, and cognition, to yield truly capable intelligent mobile robots for use in physical contact with people. Such robots could provide many useful services, especially for the elderly or physically challenged, in their everyday work and home environments. Many other uses such as entry into hostile environments, rescue in buildings, and surveillance to safeguard people or property can be envisioned.

Ballbot Research Platform

We have begun our research program by developing a person-sized mobile robot that has only a single spherical wheel. Our preliminary experiments with this platform are described in the papers "One is Enough!" and "A Dynamically Stable Single-Wheeled Mobile Robot with Inverse Mouse-Ball Drive." A Scientific American article, "Ballbots," published in the October 2006 issue provides a general discussion. More recent technical publications include